Anti-angiogenic therapy is a kind of cancer treatment that using drugs to stop tumor angiogenesis. This is a high potential approach to treat cancer. Today, I will share some of the basic knowledge about this kind of cancer treatment.
 
What is angiogenesis? Angiogenesis is a multi steps process involving the growth of new blood vessels in our body. This process depends on the regulation of many distinct activities in many cell types. This process plays an essential role in many physiological and pathological conditions.
 

What is tumor angiogenesis? Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of new capillary blood vessels that penetrate into tumor and supply the nutrients and oxygen as well as removing waste products. The tumors need angiogenesis to grow and evade in our body. The tumor cells can get the necessary oxygen and nutrient supplies by passive diffusion when the tumor angiogenesis occur. Therefore, the anti-angiogenic therapy is a good approach to treat the tumor progression by stopping the tumor angiogenesis.
 

Anti-angiogenic Therapy is Effective to Treat Cancer

Anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer is a highly effective way for destroying the tumor cells. The tumors cannot grow and survive without angiogenesis. If the anti-angiogenic agents are applied before a tumor develops, it can be considered as a vaccine in preventing the tumor development. Yet, it is not a cure for cancer but just represents the treatment. If we really want to cure the cancer, we need to target the agents and pathways that cause cancer.
 

Advantages of Anti-angiogenic Therapy

i. Unlike the chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy contains little or no toxic to our body. It is because it does not require the therapeutic drug enter any tumor cells. The therapeutic agent needs not to cross the blood brain barrier.
 
ii. This treatment regulate the tumor growth regardless the growth fraction, tumor cell heterogeneity and tumor cell type.
 
iii. This treatment does not induce acquired drug resistance.
 
iv. As the normal vasculature of an adult is dormant, the specificity of angiogenic inhibitors can be applied. This allows the long-term and nontoxic treatment of tumors to the patients. This is the greatest advantage if compare to the nonspecific modalities of chemotherapy and radiation therapy to treat cancer.
 
v. Anti-angiogenic agents aim not only DNA synthesis and cell division, but also the biologic feature of tumor cells.
 
In conclusion, anti-angiongenic therapy has a great potential on treating the cancer and control the progression of tumor cells. Yet, there are some difficulties related to the clinical evaluation of the efficiency of these anti-angiogenic drugs. Sometimes, the therapy might works on the animal model but not in human. The cancer research on this therapy will be carried on to bring its potency into play.

Anti-angiogenic Therapy to Treat Cancer is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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Cancer prevention is a popular topic that people wish me to write more in my Cytogenetics and Cancer Research blog. Cancer prevention is the best possible way to reduce the death rate of cancer worldwide. According to Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention, written by David S. A. and Lisa M. H., cancer prevention research can be divided to 3 approaches to target different aspects in order to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary prevention.
 

Primary Cancer Prevention

Primary cancer prevention is an approach to reduce the impact of carcinogens. We can do this through administration of a chemopreventive agent or remove the environmental carcinogens. The main aim of primary prevention is to prevent a cancer from the very beginning to the developing by reducing individual risk.

 
There are many primary cancer prevention methods which include the lifestyle modification or interventions that modify risk. These methods will become more effective if those cancers in which causes are known.
 
Below are some of the factors that can help to reduce overall cancer incidence:

i. Minimize the exposure to carcinogens. For example, we should avoid from consuming tobacco which contains carcinogen.
 
ii. Dietary modification. For example, we should take balanced meal and reduce the consuming of salt, sugar and high cholesterol foods.
 
iii. Increasing physical activity. For example, we should do some exercises during our daily life like jogging, swimming and so on to keep our body fit.
 
As we all know, unhealthy diet and tobacco use are the leading risk factors for cancer. Smoking cessation is the best way to avoid ourselves from cancer developing. Benefis of quitting smoking begin within the first year of stopping and continue to increase. If you wish to know more about the benefits of smoking cessation, you may read the 15 Benefits of Smoking Cessation. In addition, the role of diet, nutrition and maintaining a healthy body weight is critical to lessen the cancer risk.
 

Secondary Cancer Prevention

Secondary cancer prevention is an approach to detect the abnormal changes at the beginning of the development of malignancy. It involves screening and early detection methods like mammogram, pap test and so on. This can help us to identify any abnormal changes of our body before they become cancerous. Therefore, it is effective to prevent cancer from fully developing. Sometimes, secondary cancer prevention can involve the treatment of precancerous lesions in an attempt to reverse carcinogenesis so that the lesion can regress.
 

Tertiary Cancer Prevention

Tertiary cancer prevention is an approach to control the cancer and prevention of disease-related complications. It involves a variety of aspects of patient care such as quality of life, adjuvant therapies, surgical intervention and palliative care.
 
In conclusion, we can see that the primary cancer prevention is the main role of cancer prevention. Unfortunately, the primary prevention research and efforts are largely underfunded. This lack of prioritization cause the delays in improving and delivering early detection and prevention methods that can save millions of lives.
 

Do you know any methods of cancer prevention? Come and share with us! Prevention is always better than cure!

Say No to Cancer! – 3 Approaches to Prevent Cancer is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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Cancer is the most common cause of death especially the lung cancer in most of the developed countries. Lung cancer has been frequently recognized as the malignancy that is caused by environment and the cigarette smoking. I have described the cigarette smoking risk factor that causing the lung cancer in Cytogenetics and Cancer Research blog these last few days. Therefore, I wish to write about another common risk factor which is environmental exposure so that we can take more appropriate prevention step of getting lung cancer.
 
Exposure to environmental carcinogens has been cited as the secondary risk factor of lung cancer independent of smoking. The exposure includes both outdoor and indoor air pollutants with contaminants of soil and drinking water. According to cancer research, the exposure of the carcinogens can occur because of both residential and occupational setting. There are many carcinogens exposing in our environment that will cause lung cancer. I just choose some major factors to be further reviewed.
 

Gas Radon Contributes to Lung Cancer

One of the carcinogens is gas radon. Gas radon and its radioactive progeny are the sources of exposure to inhaled radioactive substances. People who work at tin mines might be greatly exposed to radon. If the homes built on radon-containing soil, the residents might be exposed to the naturally occurring radioactive gas radon too. According to cancer research, residential radon is the primary cause of non-smoking related lung cancer.
 

Indoor Air Pollution Contributes to Lung Cancer

Sometimes, the indoor pollution which is caused by the cooking and heating will contribute to the developing of lung cancer too. For instance, during the time we are cooking the meat at high temperature, the potentially mutagenic cooking oil fumes and the carcinogenic metabolic products of heterocyclic amines will be released. Tai-an Chiang et al. showed that the fumes were not, or weakly mutagenic in the Salmonella assay when the distance between fume extractor and oil surface was 60 cm or less.
 

Outdoor Air Pollution Contributes to Lung Cancer

Outdoor air pollution is a contributor to the risk of lung cancer too. The fossil fuel combustion products are known carcinogens that will increase the risk of getting lung cancer. People who live in rural area have less lung cancer cases than the urban area residents regarding to the lower level of air pollution. Outdoor air pollution is composed of complex mixtures including the radionuclides, gas and particulate combustion products and fibers. Exposure to others respiratory carcinogens such as asbestos is related to the increased risk of lung cancer. How can we deal with the air pollution? Migrating to the rural area? The best way is to make our environment free of pollutant. We need to work together to help in increasing people’s awareness. Otherwise, we might pollute our rural area too at the end of the day.
 
In conclusion, by understanding the multiple components contributing to lung cancer which include the cigarette smoking and environmental exposure, we can identify the high-risk subgroups so that they can benefit from a proper screening or relevant interventions.
(Reference: David S. Albert, Lisa M. Hess. Fundamental of Cancer Prevention, Second edition)
 

Are you exposed to the environmental carcinogens? Take some actions to deal with it now.

Be Aware of Environmental Exposure – Lung Cancer Risk Factor is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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Cytogenetics and cancer research blog is ready to help smoker to quit from smoking. Smoking cessation is a tough mission to be gone through. However, there are many benefits of stopping smoking for long term health benefits, including reduced cumulative risk for cancer, especially for lung cancer. So, we need the smoking cessation intervention to quit smoking effectively to reduce the risk of smoking-related disease.
 
Initially, we need to recognize the complexity of tobacco use which included the nicotine addiction with the interplay of social, psychological and biological factors. These factors should be paid attention during smoking cessation. Health care providers play the important role to assist the smokers to quit from smoking by providing both quitting aids and advices on health-related issues.

 
During the time I was finding the information about how to quit smoking effectively and doing the cancer research, I found Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Tobacco Use and Dependence which was provided by the US Public Health Service to assist health care providers when delivering the cessation treatment. This should be a good guideline for the smokers to quit from smoking too. The guideline is produced based on a systematic research and analysis of scientific literature to assist health care providers in delivering smoking cessation treatment.
 

5 A’s for Smoking Cessation Intervention

1. Ask about tobacco use

For a health care provider, you may ask and record the tobacco use status for the patient at every visit.

For the smoker, you must record the frequency of tobacco use daily.
 

2. Advise to quit

For a health care provider, you may encourage the patient to quit in a clear, strong and determined manner.

For the smoker, you have to motivate yourself to quit from smoking strongly. What can you do? You may keep on reminding yourself about the disadvantages of smoking. And also, you may visit Cytogenetics and Cancer Research blog regularly to get some motivation here.:)
 

3. Assess readiness to quit

For a health care provider, you may find out whether the patient is ready in the next 30 days.

For the smoker, just prepare yourself to quit from smoking including the psychological and physical preparation.
 

4. Assist with quitting

For a health care provider, you may provide the counselling or pharmacotherapy to assist the patient quit smoking effectively.

For the smoker, try to ask for the health care provider’s help to enhance the effectiveness of smoking cessation. The support of family members is always the main inspiration and energy source for the smoker to successfully quitting smoking.
 

5. Arrange follow up

For a health care provider, you must make an appointment with the patient to follow up the smoking cessation status. Preferably, the health care provider may set up a schedule to follow up with the patient start from the first week of quitting.

For the smoker, you may jot down the date you start quitting. You may motivate yourself by counting the number of the day you live without the tobacco. You will start to feel impress with your determination to quit from smoking then. And this is the time I wish to say congratulation to you! You are awesome!
 
In conclusion, smoking cessation intervention has successfully helped many of smokers who wish to quit from smoking. By looking on the evidence of adverse impact of smoking which harms nearly every organ in our body, it is the time to encourage yourself and your beloved to stop smoking.
(Reference: David S. Albert, Lisa M. Hess. Fundamental of Cancer Prevention, Second edition)
 

Do you have any success story of smoking cessation? Come and share with us.

Smoking Cessation Intervention to Quit Smoking Effectively is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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Tobacco use is a public health issue. I am so surprise that the post of “Cigarette Smoking – Primary Risk Factor of Lung Cancer” being listed in the top 200 of controversial article in Reddit.com yesterday. Although this was not good news (I think), I decided to write more about the benefits of smoking cessation today to firmly increase people’s awareness about that.

Smoking cessation provides extensive health benefits for everyone including the smokers and non-smokers. According to the reports of the US Surgeon General on the health consequences of smoking, there are many significant health benefits of quitting smoking. Although some cases show that the increased of lung cancer risk at the beginning of smoking cessation, there are still a lot of successful cases show the good side of smoking cessation.
 
Below are the 15 benefits of quitting smoking which I arrange it according to the timeline of smoking cessation.

1. After quitting within 2 weeks to 3 months, the pulmonary function and circulation will be improved.
 
2. Within 1-9 months after quitting, the ciliary and lung epithelium function will be restored.
 
3. Although the former smoker might experience coughing frequently initially, this is good for our body as the lungs remove excess mucus and tobacco smoke particulates.
 
4. After several months, the lung function of the former smoker will improve significantly.
 
5. After a year quitting from smoking, the former smoker will experience decreased coughing.
 
6. At the same time, the former smoker will regain his fatigue and the shortness of breath will be improved.
 
7. Consequently, the excess risk for coronary heart disease will be reduced to half than the continuing smokers.
 
8. After 5 – 15 years later, the risk of getting stroke will be reduced to the rate similar to the non-smokers.
 
9. The risk of getting the lung cancer will be reduced to half of the continuing smokers.
 
10. The risk of getting mouth larynx, pharynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney or pancreas cancer will be reduced.
 
11. After 15 years of smoking cessation, the risk for coronary heart disease will be reduced to the same rate as the people who never smoked.
 
12. Smoking cessation can significantly reduce the cumulative risk of death from lung cancer regardless the gender.
 
13. The former smokers that successfully give up the tobacco use can be expected to live much longer. If you are 35 years old and you quit from smoking, you are expected to live an additional 6 – 9 years than the smokers.
 
14. Some of the elderly smokers keep claiming that it is too late to quit from smoking as the damage is done on their body for a long time ago. However, according to the cancer research, there is an individual who quit from smoking start from 65 can live much longer (4 – 5 years) compared to those continued to smoke. Therefore, please do not ignore the potential of smoking cessation even for the elderly smokers.
 
15. If you are under medical treatment, quitting from smoking is better for you. According to cancer research, smoking will reduces the overall effectiveness of treatment, while causing the side effect of treatment and consequently decrease the survival rate.
 
In conclusion, there are too many benefits of smoking cessation. It is never too late to quit or advice others to quit from smoking to incur health benefits. I will try to find out more information about how to quit smoking effectively and post in my blog next time. Stay tuned!

(Reference: David S. Albert, Lisa M. Hess. Fundamental of Cancer Prevention, Second edition)
 

Are you hesitating to quit from smoking? Just do it!

15 Benefits of Smoking Cessation is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer. The cancer research shows that the risk of getting the lung cancer is higher among the cigarette smokers than the non-smokers. Compared to never smokers, smokers have a 20-fold risk of developing lung cancer. There are many bad effects of cigarette smoking which may result in chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. If you are a cigarette smoker, I advise you to give some efforts to stop from it now.
 

Tobacco Smoke is a Carcinogen of Lung Cancer

As we all know, the tobacco smoke is one of the carcinogen that causes the cancer, especially the lung cancer. The properties of tobacco smoke destruct lung tissue by inflammation and consequently causing the lung cancer. According to cancer research, cigarette smokers have lower levels of lung function than non-smoker, and quitting smoking greatly reduces cumulative risk for developing lung cancer. The risk of former smokers to develop lung cancer will increase during the first 3-5 years after smoking cessation. The risk of former smokers to develop lung cancer might increase during the first 3-5 years after smoking in some cases but still a lot advantages quiting smoking. Why they stop from smoking? Most of them is because of they are symptomatic and may already possess some critical diseases.
 

Passive Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer

While active smoking has been shown to be the main cause of lung cancer, second-hand smoke contains the same carcinogens even worse that are inhaled by smokers. Unfortunately, the second-hand smoke affects the non-smokers too. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the environmental chemicals that toxic to our body. During passive smoking, the body is attacked by an excess of free radicals which inducing oxidative stress. Therefore, even a short period of passive smoking will break down serum antioxidant defence of the non-smoker and accelerates lipid peroxidation.
 

Oxidative DNA Damage Can Cause Lung Cancer

Besides, the components of tobacco smoke also induce oxidative DNA damage. This oxidative DNA damage is related to an increased risk of developing several degenerative chronic diseases which includes coronary heart disease and the dysfunctional cells (cancer).
 
In conclusion, cigarette use is a public health issue that will cause the development of lung cancer to everyone. Smoking cessation provides extensive health benefits for everyone in the world. Thus, quit from smoking now to protect yourself and the world.
(Reference: David S. Albert, Lisa M. Hess. Fundamental of Cancer Prevention, Second edition)
 

Smoking is the cause of lung cancer. Get rid of it now!

Cigarette Smoking – Primary Risk Factor for Lung Cancer is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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During surfing some Cytogenetics and Cancer Research sites, I just know that November is the Lung Cancer Awareness Month! Therefore, I wish to write about the lung cancer this time.
 

Lung Cancer | Leading Cause of Cancer-Related Death

Lung Cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in men and in women. It has surpassed even prostate cancer or breast cancer. According to Jemal et al. 2008, an estimated 215,020 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed in 2008. Most of us may think that this to be mainly a man’s disease, but there is 47% of new lung cancer cases were diagnosed among the women.
 

Lung Cancer | Malignancy determined by the Environment

Lung cancer has frequently been cited as a malignancy that is determined by the environment. In addition, the risk factor of lung cancer is mostly associated with cigarette smoking. Some others risk factors are related to the occupations like mining, asbestos exposure, shipbuilding and petroleum refining. However, some of the evidences show that mutations and loss of heterozygosity at genetic loci such as oncogenes and tumor suprressor genes are also involved in lung cancer forming. Most of these changes are thought to be accumulated at the somatic cell level.

Lung Cancer Cases Increases Because of Smoking Trend

The increase of the smoking prevalence is the main reason why the lung cancer increases dramatically. Even women also start to use cigarettes nowadays. The gender gap in smoking prevalence becomes significantly narrow over the middle and latter parts of the century as a consequence of several trends such as the the image advertising targeting of women.
 

Dietary Control to Prevent Lung Cancer

How can we prevent from the lung cancer? Dietary studies have found that the high consumption of carotene-containing fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of getting lung cancer. Only the dietary control is not enough to get rid of lung cancer. The dietary control becomes useless if we continuously consume the cigarette.
 
In conclusion, the best way to prevent the lung cancer is to keep away from consuming the cigarette or quit from smoking. There is no any benefit of using cigarette for our daily habits.

(Reference: David S. Albert, Lisa M. Hess. Fundamental of Cancer Prevention, Second edition)
 

Do you know why using cigarette is not recommended? Come and share with us!

Introduction of Lung Cancer is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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Prevention of breast cancer is always the fundamental thing to look on in cancer research instead of finding a way for treatment. Most of the practices on breast cancer prevention are only for women with moderate to high breast cancer risk. There are still no guidelines for the prevention of breast cancer for women with average risk. However, how can we identify the group of women at known risk in general population? Thus, it is important for us to know whether we are in risk of breast cancer by knowing the risk factors and do the early detection steps frequently.
 

Breast Cancer Prevention in General

Generally, we can do some prevention steps in our daily life no matter we are in risk or not. Leading a healthy lifestyle is an essential prevention step for all the cancer.
 
1. It is advised that women need to maintain a healthy body weight throughout their daily life without consuming high fat food.
 
2. Women have to do some regular physical activities such as jogging, swimming and so on.
 
3. Breastfeeding is a good practice to prevent the breast cancer.
 
4. Consume diets that rich in grains, fruits and vegetables. Less meat in diet will be too good to be practiced.
 
5. Moderate use of alcoholic beverages. It is too good not to consume the alcoholic beverages at all.
 
6. Minimize yourself from the exposure to exogenous hormones.
 
7. Reduce the sugars in the diet.
 

Breast Cancer Prevention for Women with Moderate to High Risk

There are several ways for the prevention of breast cancer in women at significantly increased risk. Who are those with moderate to high risk in breast cancer?
 
1. Women who are the carriers of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation.
 
2. Women with multiple affected relative breast cancer presenting at early age.
 
3. Women with family history of breast cancer and so on.
 
There are many options for the women in risk to prevent from breast cancer. Most of the strategies are to remove the tissue which may become cancerous and decrease the endogenous hormone exposure. The most common are bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. These two methods are considered highly effective for risk reduction. Both methods are the choices for BRCA mutation carriers. To really reduce the breast cancer risk, the BRCA carriers are recommended to undergo Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy by age 35-40 years or after childbearing is completed.
 
In conclusion, it is important for us to recognize the group of women with high risk or moderate risk who will ultimately develop breast cancers. There are many risk assessment can be done through the cancer research. This will reduce the need for many women to unnecessarily undergo aggressive surgery.
 

Prevention is better than cure. Assess your unknown breast cancer risk now!

Prevention of Breast Cancer is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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After introducing the basic knowledge about the breast cancer and some of the risk factors which included our lifestyle and environmental factors, I wish to share about the prevention of breast cancer. I think this is the most important part in this breast cancer series. We have to take action to against the breast cancer!
 

Early Detection

Just like others malignant cancer, early detection of breast tumors are more treatable. When the smaller tumors are detected earlier, a more favourable and details prognosis can be done. This action reserves as the primary defence for all the women, especially for those who are 40 years old and above. There are many recommended methods to use for early detection.
 

Breast Self Exam (BSE)

Monthly breast self exam is the most inexpensive way for regular examination of breast. Although the effectiveness of this method still under questioned by some of the medical experts, the breast self exam are still considered promising and safe method of early detection, particularly for women younger than 40 who still not wish to run the screening.
 

Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)

Clinical breast exam is another less expensive way for regular examination. However, the effectiveness of CBE is still controversial although it is better than BSE. For women at low risk, doing CBE annually still can help to prevent from breast cancer.
 

Mammography

For women at average risk, I will suggest you to do the mammography. It is an effective way for prevention of breast cancer. This is the most public friendly method to detect early stage of breast cancer when still treatable. Sometimes, people will use the result of CBE combining with mammography to increase the screening reliability. However, mammography may be less effective for younger women. The mammography can detect the tumors much earlier than CBE and almost 2 years before detected by BSE. Although mammography is introduced to the public in some modern countries since 30 years ago, there are still a minority of women community do not undergo the screening in those countries. This case happens among the poor people who are unaffordable to pay for it. In addition, there are still a lot of countries that lack of this detection tool.
 

Improved Mammography

There are many effective approaches to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of mammography for breast cancer screening.

1. Digital mammography

• Improved detection rates for younger women and women with denser breasts.

2. Screen film mammography

• Higher sensitivity for women whose breast images are difficult to interpret.

3. Ultrasound

• Used to assist CBE to detect mammogram.
• Fail to detect mocrocalcification and poor specificity.

4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Detecting breast cancer for women at high risk and in younger women.
• Highly sensitive after combining with mammogram and CBE.
• Essential screening tool for women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations to identify early cancer.
• Very expensive and poor specificity. Only recommended to high risk women.

 
In conclusion, earlier detection and treatment both contribute to the prevention of breast cancer. Please do not hesitate to do the earlier detection steps, at least doing BSE monthly to prevent from the developing of breast cancer cell in our body.
 

Have you doing the breast cancer screening before? Come and share with us.

Early Detection to Prevent Breast Cancer is a post from: Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

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