Cytogenetics and Cancer Research

Cancer prevention is a popular topic that people wish me to write more in my Cytogenetics and Cancer Research blog. Cancer prevention is the best possible way to reduce the death rate of cancer worldwide. According to Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention, written by David S. A. and Lisa M. H., cancer prevention research can be divided to 3 approaches to target different aspects in order to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary prevention.
 

Primary Cancer Prevention

Primary cancer prevention is an approach to reduce the impact of carcinogens. We can do this through administration of a chemopreventive agent or remove the environmental carcinogens. The main aim of primary prevention is to prevent a cancer from the very beginning to the developing by reducing individual risk.

 
There are many primary cancer prevention methods which include the lifestyle modification or interventions that modify risk. These methods will become more effective if those cancers in which causes are known.
 
Below are some of the factors that can help to reduce overall cancer incidence:

i. Minimize the exposure to carcinogens. For example, we should avoid from consuming tobacco which contains carcinogen.
 
ii. Dietary modification. For example, we should take balanced meal and reduce the consuming of salt, sugar and high cholesterol foods.
 
iii. Increasing physical activity. For example, we should do some exercises during our daily life like jogging, swimming and so on to keep our body fit.
 
As we all know, unhealthy diet and tobacco use are the leading risk factors for cancer. Smoking cessation is the best way to avoid ourselves from cancer developing. Benefis of quitting smoking begin within the first year of stopping and continue to increase. If you wish to know more about the benefits of smoking cessation, you may read the 15 Benefits of Smoking Cessation. In addition, the role of diet, nutrition and maintaining a healthy body weight is critical to lessen the cancer risk.
 

Secondary Cancer Prevention

Secondary cancer prevention is an approach to detect the abnormal changes at the beginning of the development of malignancy. It involves screening and early detection methods like mammogram, pap test and so on. This can help us to identify any abnormal changes of our body before they become cancerous. Therefore, it is effective to prevent cancer from fully developing. Sometimes, secondary cancer prevention can involve the treatment of precancerous lesions in an attempt to reverse carcinogenesis so that the lesion can regress.
 

Tertiary Cancer Prevention

Tertiary cancer prevention is an approach to control the cancer and prevention of disease-related complications. It involves a variety of aspects of patient care such as quality of life, adjuvant therapies, surgical intervention and palliative care.
 
In conclusion, we can see that the primary cancer prevention is the main role of cancer prevention. Unfortunately, the primary prevention research and efforts are largely underfunded. This lack of prioritization cause the delays in improving and delivering early detection and prevention methods that can save millions of lives.
 

Do you know any methods of cancer prevention? Come and share with us! Prevention is always better than cure!

I think I never mention about the relationship between cytogenetics and cancer research in this blog. Cytogenetic studies are proven that can assist to define the diagnosis and deliver clear prognostic differences in cancer. There are many cytogenetic studies of malignancy have been gone through and most of them are related to hematologic disorders. However, those studies constitute only small percentage of all cancer malignancies.
 

Clinical Value of Cytogenetic Studies in Malignancy Cancer

Recently, there has been a significant progress in knowledge of the recurrent abnormalities in many of solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies. Consequently, the clinical value of cytogenetic studies in cancer malignancy has been appreciated after the cytogenetic studies of some solid tumors moving out of cancer research environment.
 
Apart from this, there would be little clinical value in doing cytogenetic studies in cancer malignancy if all the patients with a particular cancer died. The researchers only manage to probe the origins of cancer for those patients. However, after researching in all tumors type by using cytogenetic technique, the presence or absence of many of the genetic abnormalities found has been related to different responses to treatment. Since that, the genetic and cytogenetic studies start to be recognized as important and one of the best choices of treatment for a cancer patient.
 

Cytogenetic Studies Helps Diagnostic Investigation in Malignancy Cancer

Consequently, cytogenetic analysis of cancer malignancy is considered to provide rapid, accurate and specific results to aid the clinical professionals. This can help to choose the most appropriate type of treatment to the cancer patient in shorter time. However, John Swansbury stated that the diagnosis of a malignancy can be traumatic, and an accurate and early indication of every patient’s prognosis is valuable.
 
In conclusion, a cytogenetic study remains an essential part of diagnostic investigations of every patient with hematologic malignancy and certain solid tumors without denying the valuable contributions made by other genetic assays.

Reference: Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 220: Cancer Cytogenetics: Methods and Protocols. Edited by: John Swansbury © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
 

Do you know more about cytogenetic studied on malignancy? Come and share with us.

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